Technology guides

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)? The difference between TMS and rTMS

2026-09-23Author:BrainModex Editorial Team3 min read

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) uses a coil near the head to generate a brief magnetic field and induce currents in brain tissue; rTMS refers to repeated delivery of pulses according to a protocol. Specific indications and safety requirements should be based on product registration information and professional assessment.

How do TMS and rTMS differ?

TMS is the general term for transcranial magnetic stimulation. The “r” in rTMS stands for repetitive: the device delivers a series of pulses according to preset frequency, intensity, site, and number. The research objectives, protocols, and outcome measures of single-pulse stimulation and repetitive stimulation may differ, and the effects cannot be inferred from the name alone.

During operation, the coil is placed near the scalp, and the changing magnetic field can induce weak currents in brain tissue. Whether a positioning system is needed and how to determine the target and parameters should be determined by the applicable device instructions and professional procedures.

Why is safety assessment important?

Before treatment, patients need to truthfully report metal or electronic implants in or near the head, a history of epilepsy or seizures, and other relevant medical history. Contraindications are not completely identical across different devices and protocols. The U.S. FDA guidance on rTMS specifically notes implanted devices, seizure risk, and populations in which effectiveness has not been established; these points indicate that individualized screening must be performed first.

Reactions such as head discomfort and headache may occur. “Non-invasive” cannot be understood as “risk-free for everyone.” Patients or institutions should review the actual product’s registration certificate, instructions for use, and locally applicable regulations.

Frequently asked question: Can transcranial magnetic stimulation be used for all brain problems?

No. Research papers, regulatory approvals, and the scope of clinical use are different levels of evidence. The fact that an indication is approved in one region or for one device does not mean that all devices have the same use, nor that every patient is suitable.